Robert K. MacDonald holds degrees in philosophy BA (Boston Univ.), History MA (Univ. of Chicago), History of Ideas PhD (Brandeis Univ.). He taught those subjects for 44 years. He was a peace activist from the 1950\'s to the 1980\'s, when he was the principal founder and head of the wildly successful Hawaii Society for American-Soviet Friendship. In letters and discussions, he encouraged Soviet peace leaders to end the Cold War unilaterally. Currently, his work involves using the post-Freudian theories of Ernest Becker to diagnose the deep emotions driving holy wars, crusades and neo-imperialism.